风力机气动特性的浸入边界法模拟1)
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WIND TURBINE WITH THE IMMERSED BOUNDARY METHOD1)
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摘要: 风力发电机的空气动力学性能是决定风力机安全与效率的最重要因素之一。但由于影响风力机气动性能的参数众多,更加高效精确地模拟风力机气动特性一直是风力机的重要发展方向。本文提出了基于浸入边界法的风力机建模,网格离散,以及数值模拟的统一性框架。利用同伦变形来生成光滑的叶片模型,并且使用仿射变换来处理叶片的渐缩与扭转问题。首先,针对二维翼型的升阻力,检验了算法的数值精度。表明此方法对于阻力的模拟具有非常严格的一阶精度,进而提出采用理查森外推法来精确高效修正升阻力模拟结果。同时,模拟研究了拱曲度以及厚度对二维翼型升阻力的影响。随后,模拟研究了单风力机(包含塔架)在不同尖速比下的功率系数,并对塔架与叶片间的相互气动作用进行了初步分析。最后,模拟研究了双风力机在风场中不同前后间隔距离下的气动干涉问题。本文主要意义在于验证建模,离散,与数值模拟的一体化框架的有效可行性,进而为后续研究(给定约束下风力机自动优化选型)提供坚实基础。Abstract: The aerodynamic performance of a wind turbine largely determines the safety and the efficiency. An efficient and accurate numerical simulation for the aerodynamics is a challenging task owing to its complexity. This paper presents a wind turbine modeling method based on immersion boundary method, including the whole process of the wind turbine modeling, the grid dispersion and the numerical simulation. The homotopy transform is used to generate a smooth blade model; the affine transform is used to deal with the taper and the twist of the airfoil. The numerical accuracy of the algorithm is tested for the lift and the drag of the two-dimensional airfoil. Based on the numerical results, the Richardson linear extrapolation is proposed to improve the numerical prediction of the drag substantially with only a mild increase of the computational complexity. The influence of the arch curvature and the thickness on the lift and drag forces of the two-dimensional airfoil is investigated. The power coefficients of a single wind turbine (including the tower) with different tip speed ratios are studied, along with the aerodynamic interaction between the tower and the blades. Finally, the aerodynamic interference of two wind turbines in-tandem with various separation distances in the wind field is studied. The feasibility of the integrated framework proposed here is verified and it can be used for future research projects of the automatic optimization and the selection of airfoils under prescribed constraints.