Abstract: Gun barrel is the core component of the artillery firing system, and its structural integrity and service life are directly related to the firing accuracy and operational reliability of the weapon system. During projectile launch, the gun barrel is subjected to the coupled effects of, e.g., high temperature, high pressure, and friction, which lead to its deformation, fatigue, damage, or even fracture. Therefore, investigating the mechanical responses of the gun barrels under operational conditions holds significant scientific and practical value. In this paper, we summarize advances on the mechanical response of the gun barrels during projectile launch, focusing on thermal stress, deformation, vibration, strength, and damage. Our work will provide important references for understanding barrel service behavior, elucidating failure mechanisms, and conducting service life evaluation and structural optimization.